While phylogeny approaches infer the evolution of species and higher taxonomic orders, population genetics approaches are generally used for understanding the evolution of the groups below the species level ( Haubold, 2014). Population genetics and phylogenetics are two of the most important subfields for inferring the evolutionary history of any sequences/organisms ( Haubold, 2014). The continuous growth of DNA and protein data has provided an opportunity to infer their function and their evolutionary history of any sequence/organisms in a more comprehensive way ( Anisimova and Liberles, 2007 Miyazawa, 2011a Dufresne and Jeffery, 2011 Gupta and Vadde, 2019a Gupta et al., 2019 Gouda et al., 2020 Gupta et al., 2021a Gupta et al., 2021b Gupta et al., 2021c Gupta et al., 2021d Gupta et al., 2021e Chu et al., 2021). Thus, in the near future, these codon models can be utilized in the field of conservation, breeding and medicine. The codon substitution model enables to detect selection regime under which any gene or gene region is evolving, codon usage bias in any organism or tissue-specific region and phylogenetic relationship between different lineages more accurately than nucleotide and amino acid substitution models. In this review article, the authors attempted to understand the basis of the development of different types of codon-substitution models and how this information can be utilized to develop more robust but less computationally demanding codon substitution models. Hence, there is always a question of how to develop more robust but less computationally demanding codon substitution models to get more accurate results. However, due to more computational demanding, in comparison to nucleotide and amino acid substitution models, only a few studies have employed the codon substitution model to understand the heterogeneity of the evolutionary process in a genome-scale analysis. These models have been utilized extensively to detect selective pressure on a protein, codon usage bias, ancestral reconstruction and phylogenetic reconstruction. Out of these three, the codon substitution model is the most powerful. To date, numerous nucleotide, amino acid, and codon substitution models have been developed to estimate the evolutionary history of any sequence/organism in a more comprehensive way. Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.It has received a number of facelifts and limited-edition versions, but the recipe has not changed – powerful V6 turbo engine, four-wheel drive, and dual-clutch transmission. The present-day GT-R has been in production since the end of 2007 and was launched in Europe in 2009. It manages to win 29 out of 29 races in JTCC (Japanese Touring Car Championship). In 1989, Nissan launched the legendary R32 Skyline GT-R, which earns the name Godzilla, due to its impressive racing record. Only 197 units were produced, as the Oil Crisis hit the world and changed forever how cars were built. It had an equally powerful engine as the 911 of the day, so it managed to rack up 33 victories in only two years worth of racing.ġ973 saw the birth of the last GT-R for the next 16 years. The first high-performance version saw the light of day in 1969. As you can tell from the name, it was also marketed as a premium vehicle. In 1963, the second generation Skyline was launched, called 1500 Deluxe. Despite the name, the Sport only had a 91 hp engine. It was the Skyline Sport, designed by Giovanni Michelotti – only a few hundred were ever produced. Performance was not exactly a primary concern, as this first Skyline only had an engine that produced 60 hp.ġ962 saw the birth of the first sports orientated model. At first, it was produced by Prince Automobile, before this brand merged with Nissan in 1966. The very first model to use the name Skyline was launched in 1957 as a compact premium vehicle. The Nissan Skyline evolved from a compact, premium, vehicle, to a supersport monster that earned the nickname Godzilla. This is the story of how Nissan created one of the most iconic model lines
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